The USAID Micronutrient Program                               

        

Publications available through MOST

What's New

Vitamin A

Zinc

Iron

Iodine

Micronutrients (general)

Food Fortification

Selected publications can be viewed (see titles that are underlined). Some are in PDF file format; for these you need Acrobat Reader. This program can be downloaded free of charge from the following Web site: http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep.html. All publications are in English unless otherwise indicated.

Ordering Information

Vitamin A

Why They Work: An analysis of three successful public health interventions. A study about Vitamin A supplementation programs in Ghana, Nepal and ZambiaJanuary 2003 (no. 129) PDF

Cost Study Synthesis - Ghana, Zambia and Nepal. Although a variety of vitamin A supplementation programs have been implemented in developing countries, little is known to date about their costs. The major objective of this study is to provide researchers and policymakers with that cost information. (no. 136) PDF

Ghana Cost Study. [Reprinted] The overall objective of this study is to provide the Ministry of Health in Ghana with cost information on the vitamin A supplementation program. The MOH intends to use this information to integrate the vitamin A supplementation program into routine primary health care services over the next five years. (no. 128) PDF

Zambia Cost Study. This study provides policymakers in Zambia with cost information on vitamin A supplementation — information that may help answer questions concerning the efficiency and sustainability of the campaign approach vis-à-vis other modes of delivering vitamin A supplementation. Specific objectives are to document the Child Health Week and National Immunization Days programs as they presently operate, and to analyze the two programs’ cost structures. (no. 137) PDF

How to add deworming to vitamin A distribution. This manual, by UNICEF and WHO, is for health planners and aims to promote the deworming of preschool children where vitamin A distribution campaigns are conducted. 2005  PDF

Building a multisectoral vitamin A program in Uganda: Establishing sustainable roles for effective implementation. An article in Sight and Life by Louise Sserunjogi, MOST/USAID, Kampala, Uganda; Philip WJ Harvey, MOST/USAID and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore MD, USA  2005  PDF

Contribution of breastfeeding to vitamin A nutrition of infants: a simulation model. This article provides information on the potential contribution of breastfeeding to vitamin A nutrition of infants. February 2003. (no. 130) PDF
This article can also be found in the Bulletin of the World Health Organization, issue 2003, 81 (2).

Successful vitamin A supplementation in Nicaragua. This article briefly describes a positive eight year experience with vitamin A supplementation of children 6-59 months in Nicaragua utilizing a twice-yearly campaign approach (i.e. national health rallies, similar to child health weeks), as an effective strategy to sustain high coverage rates. This approach is likely to succeed in other countries with vitamin A deficiency. March 2002 (no. 116) PDF
This article was originally published in the March 2002 Sight and Life Newsletter (PDF format).

Dried blood spot retinol and retinol-binding protein concentrations using enzyme immunoassay as surrogates of serum
retinol concentrations. June 2002 (no. 126) (MS Word file  PDF)   

Enriching breast milk with vitamin A. Phil Harvey, Sight and Life Newsletter 3/2002:41-44

Vitamin A Global Initiative. 2001. (no. 121)  PDF

Twice-yearly Vitamin A Supplementation: Time for action. 2001. (no. 120)  PDF

Twice-yearly Vitamin A Supplementation: A Guide for Program Managers. This guide has been developed to assist program managers in the design, implementation, and evaluation of periodic, active, institutionalized distribution programs for vitamin A. 2001. (no. 123)
English  (MS Word file  PDF file)   French (MS Word file  PDF)

Vitamin A Archives. Please visit our archives for other helpful documents.

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Zinc

Guidelines for Clinic-Based Health Workers - Not yet field tested. Guidance on how to implement the new WHO/UNICEF recommendations for the use of ORS and zinc supplementation in the clinical management of diarrhea. The guidelines presented in this document are generic; that is, they will be most effective when modified to support the particular strategy being used to introduce the new recommendations in each country. (no. 135) (PDF in English), (PDF in Spanish)

Guidelines for New Diarrhea Treatment Protocols for Community-Based Workers - Not yet field tested. With the new tools described in this guide, community healthcare workers will be well prepared to help mothers treat a child with diarrhea. PDF

Zinc Supplementation for the Treatment of Diarrhea: Moving from Research to Practice. A five-page document describing the history of ORS and the inclusion of zinc supplementation, case studies proving the benefits of zinc, using zinc for diarrhea treatment, and programmatic challenge points. PDF

MOST summary article 2005. Cost-effectiveness of zinc supplementation as an adjunct treatment for childhood diarrhea PDF

New diarrhea treatment guidelines could save more lives, article on pages 3-4 of the 2004/4 Nutriview Newsletter

Brochure/Poster. This on-the-job aid is designed to assist clinic-based healthcare workers in the proper assessment and treatment of diarrhea in children under 5 according to the new WHO recommendation. The brochure/poster is formatted for A3 paper. PDF

Bookmark for Community Healthcare Workers. A job aid with one side containing information about how to classify diarrhea, how to decide whether a child should go to the clinic, and how to help the mother with ORS/Zinc, and the other side containing a recipe for ORS and instructions on working with zinc. The bookmark is formatted for four-to-a-page on A4 size paper. PDF

Calendar Handout for Caregivers. This is a single-page handout for mothers or other caregivers to take home. There is a calendar with boxes to check as zinc is administered. This document is formatted for A5 size paper. PDF

PowerPoint presentation given at USAID in September 2004 regarding zinc and ORS. Document is in the form of a handout, six slides to a page. PDF

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Iron

Ghana’s integrated approach to addressing anemia in pregnant women. Highlights Ghana’s national integrated five-year anemia control strategy, and in particular its strategic communication plan. SCN News, No. 27, December 2003. (2.8 mb, PDF file)  No. 27 Meeting the Challenge to Improve Complementary Feeding, Dec 2003.

A Strategic Approach to Anemia Control. Describes the MOST Project’s experiences together with the options now available for addressing anemia in developing countries. (no. 133) PDF

Improving the Performance of Maternal Anemia Interventions in Africa. Describes the process used to develop a comprehensive program to control anemia in pregnant women in four districts of Uganda in 2002. (no. 134) PDF

Overcoming Barriers to Effective Anemia Interventions during Antenatal Services in Uganda . [Reprinted]  Describes the process and results of a study undertaken to identify barriers to implementation of effective interventions aimed at addressing anemia in pregnancy. (no. 131) PDF

Iron Archives. Please visit our archives for other helpful documents.

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Iodine

A Short History and Current Situation (2004) of the Salt Iodization Program in Guatemala. An article by Omar Dary, Ph.D., MOST Food Fortification Advisor. PDF

Quality Assurance Workshop for Salt Iodization Programs, October 1996 (also in Spanish, French and Russian). Proceedings document from a workshop on establishing salt iodization programs and quality assurance systems to monitor the programs' effectiveness. 1997 (no. 13) PDF

Training Manual on the Production of High Quality Iodized Salt. (also in Spanish and French). Describes procedures, rationale behind procedures, and demonstrations and exercises to be used to train adults in charge of producing salt. 1998 (no. 17)

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Micronutrients (general)

Micronutrients Lead the Way: Making Gains in Nutrition and Health. Discusses options and strategies for improving micronutrient health in deficient populations. Provides details on USAID's efforts to reduce micronutrient deficiency through supplementation, fortification, and food-based programs. Updated in 2004 to include zinc as a significant public health issue. (no. 118) PDF

Micronutrient Archives. Please visit our archives for other helpful documents.

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Food Fortification

Wheat Flour Fortification Program in Bangladesh, Final Report. The final report on the trial wheat flour fortification program in Bangladesh details several studies and lessons learned during the trial fortification of wheat flour, which was funded by MOST.  This report provides a foundation for guiding the future of flour fortification at the national level in Bangladesh. October 2003. (no. 132) PDF  

Elements of a National Food-Fortification Program / Bangladesh. This study’s primary objective is to identify major elements of a food-fortification strategy in Bangladesh, including micronutrient formulation for the food vehicles as suitable for fortification. (no. 138) PDF

Wheat Flour Enrichment and Fortification: Serving Mutual Needs. An article by Omar Dary, MOST/USAID, appearing in WHO’s April-May 2005 Bridges magazine regarding wheat flour fortification in West Bank and Gaza. PDF

Food Fortification: Too much of a good thing can be a bad thing. An article by Omar Dury, MOST/USAID, appearing in the Bulletin of Research Abstracts of the Center for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging and Metabolism -CeSSIAM-, volume 16, number 1, of January-June 2005. PDF

Food Fortification: Need for a more proactive approach. 2001. (no. 122) PDF

Vitamin A Fortification of Sugar in Zambia, 1998–2001. This detailed report provides a program overview; information on fortification procedures, discussion of technical difficulties, enforcement issues, and monitoring and evaluation; as well as an economic assessment of the program. 2001. (no. 119) 
English
  (MS Word file  PDF)   French  (MS Word file  PDF)  

Fortification Basics
Various aspects of fortification covered in this series include technology, quality control, cost, and relevant legislation, along with a broad overview of the worldwide use and impact of food fortification. MOST is continuing this series begun by OMNI. 1997-1999

Choosing a Vehicle (no. 45)

  PDF       

 

Maize Flour/Meal (English) (no. 1)   PDF
Maize Flour/Meal (Spanish) (no. 124)   PDF
Milk (English) (no. 112)   PDF
Milk (Spanish) (no. 125)   PDF
Oils and Margarine (no. 44)   PDF
Principles of Assay Procedures (no. 43)   PDF
Stability (no. 110)   PDF
Sugar (English) (no. 41)   PDF
Sugar (Spanish) (no. 41)   PDF
Wheat Flour (English) (no. 42)   PDF
Wheat Flour (Spanish) (no. 42)   PDF
Instant Noodles (no. 127)   PDF

Vitamin A Sugar Fortification in Central America: Experience and Lessons Learned. This publication documents the advocacy and promotion of sugar fortification to reduce the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency, the evolution of sugar fortification technology, and the implementation of sugar fortification programs in Central America. Specific reference is made to the sugar fortification efforts in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. 2000 (no. 114)  English PDF  Spanish PDF

Manual for Sugar Fortification with Vitamin A, 2nd ed. (also in Spanish). 1996 (no. 16) (files in PDF format)
Part 1: Technical and operational guidelines for preparing vitamin A premix and fortified sugar
Part 2: Guidelines for the development, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of a vitamin A sugar fortification program
Part 3: Analytical methods for the control and evaluation of sugar fortification with vitamin A

Manual for Wheat Flour Fortification with Iron. 2000 (no. 115)  (files in PDF format)
Part 1: Guidelines for the development, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of a program for wheat flour fortification with iron
Part 2: Technical and operational guidelines
Part 3: Analytical methods for monitoring wheat flour fortification with iron

Fortification of Staple Foods in Developing Countries. This document contains tables providing a summary of mandatory and voluntary staple food fortification activities in developing countries. Foods included are cereal flours, cooking oils/margarine, liquid/dried milk, and sugar. 2000 (no. 113) 

Food-Fortification Archives. Please visit our archives for other helpful documents.

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